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                  <text>Farms, Factories, and the Frontlines: Shenandoah County in the World Wars</text>
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                  <text>A collection of materials related to World War One and World War Two, primarily focusing on activities in Shenandoah County and soldiers from the area serving overseas. Much of this material was collected through, or for, the local activities of the World War One Centennial Commemoration Commission and the World War Two 75th anniversary commission. </text>
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                  <text>Shenandoah County Library. </text>
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                <text>"Victory Potato is Grown at Pythian Home"</text>
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                <text>New Market (Va)</text>
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                <text>This newspaper article appeared in the Daily News-Record on July 17, 1942. During that time period, residents of Shenandoah County were fully mobilized to help fight the Second World War. On the Home Front individuals worked in war plants, harvested crops for soldiers, rationed their use of materials, and grew “Victory Gardens” to help reduce the amount of food they had to purchase. While digging in one such garden at the Hines Memorial Pythian Home in New Market, Mr. and Mrs. E.M. Rice discovered a potato imprinted with a “V.” To them, and members of the community, this fact indicated future success for the armed forces of the United States and the local service members serving their country. &#13;
&#13;
At the time, any hope of victory was badly needed. In the eight months since the country had entered the war, almost all the news had been bad. The nation’s first real victory, at the Battle of Midway, occurred only a month before this article appeared. &#13;
Everyone who read this news knew the outcome of the conflict was still very much in doubt. Like today, anything that even hinted at a better way forward, including a “Victory Potato” would have been extremely important for morale. &#13;
&#13;
The Hines Memorial Home where the potato was found was a New Market institution for many decades. It was founded in 1927 by the Knights of the Pythias, a national fraternal organization. The home was operated by the statewide Pythian organization and was designed to be a home for the elderly, widows, and orphans associated with the organization. In a time before modern welfare services, homes such as this often provided the best type of care for less-fortunate individuals. Hines Memorial’s site consisted of a large, colonial style building, over 50 acres of land, and a playground for children. A WPA report in 1937 noted sixteen orphans and one adult lived in the home. &#13;
&#13;
After World War Two the Pythians moved Hines Memorial Home to Bedford County Virginia. The site in New Market then became the local depot of the Mason-Dixon Trucking Company. Today the structure houses an assisted living facility called the Shenandoah Valley Village.&#13;
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                <text>July 17, 1942</text>
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                  <text>Farms, Factories, and the Frontlines: Shenandoah County in the World Wars</text>
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                  <text>A collection of materials related to World War One and World War Two, primarily focusing on activities in Shenandoah County and soldiers from the area serving overseas. Much of this material was collected through, or for, the local activities of the World War One Centennial Commemoration Commission and the World War Two 75th anniversary commission. </text>
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                <text>Timothy A. Cullens</text>
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                <text>Photograph showing James L. Cullen of Edinburg Virginia. Cullen served during the First World War. He lived from 1894-1957. During the conflict he was gassed and never truly recovered. </text>
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                <text>C.F. Wagniere</text>
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                  <text>Farms, Factories, and the Frontlines: Shenandoah County in the World Wars</text>
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                  <text>A collection of materials related to World War One and World War Two, primarily focusing on activities in Shenandoah County and soldiers from the area serving overseas. Much of this material was collected through, or for, the local activities of the World War One Centennial Commemoration Commission and the World War Two 75th anniversary commission. </text>
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                <text>Order to Report- Samuel L. Spiggle</text>
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                <text>On September 3, 1917 Shenandoah County's draft board issued this order to report to Samuel L. Spiggle of Lantz Mills VA. Though only considered an alternate at the time of this order, Mr. Spiggle did enter the US Army and served throughout the First World War. &#13;
&#13;
His unit, the 80th Infantry Division was activated in September 1917 and arrived overseas in June 1918. It was present at the First Battle of the Somme, the Meuse-Argonne offensive, and the Battle of Saint-Mihiel. It suffered a total of 6,029 casualties during these campaigns and was deactivated in May of 1919. &#13;
&#13;
The system that had been established by the US government to conscript soldiers to fill divisions like the 80th relied on the participation of local draft boards. Established members of the community and local government officials were selected to serve on these boards. They were responsible for randomly selecting residents to fill the county's quota and for evaluating the ability of these residents to serve in the armed forces. Shenandoah County's board met at the Historic Courthouse. &#13;
&#13;
According to his draft card, issued in June of 1917, Samuel Spiggle was employed by the Virginia Highway Department as a road worker and belonged to the Union Forge Methodist Church in Lantz Mills. He had been born on August 22 1895 and was of medium build and height and had black hair and brown eyes.</text>
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                <text>Spiggle Family Collection</text>
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                <text>September 3, 1917</text>
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                  <text>A collection of materials related to World War One and World War Two, primarily focusing on activities in Shenandoah County and soldiers from the area serving overseas. Much of this material was collected through, or for, the local activities of the World War One Centennial Commemoration Commission and the World War Two 75th anniversary commission. </text>
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                  <text>Shenandoah County Library. </text>
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                <text>Letter, J.S. Patterson Jr. to Samuel Spiggle</text>
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                <text>This letter was sent from J.S. Patterson to Samuel Spiggle on October 2, 1919. Both were members of the 80th Infantry Division during the First World War and this piece of correspondence discusses efforts to locate old comrades and their life after the war. &#13;
&#13;
As the letter indicates, veterans felt a need to connect with the individuals the served with after the war had ended. The experiences they shared transcended geographic boundaries and the differences created in ordinary life. Spiggle, or "Spig", was a farmer while Patterson was a government employee. Yet the jokes and experiences referenced in this letter tie them together. &#13;
&#13;
These connections were especially important at the time since very few people understood how the war effected those who experienced it. Veterans relied on each other for support as they returned to civilian life. Organizations such as the American Legion and Veterans of Foreign Wars were formed by veterans to serve in this capacity. &#13;
&#13;
Samuel Spiggle and many of the other residents of Shenandoah County who fought in the First World War joined the Veterans of Foreign Wars Massanutten Post in Edinburg. When he died in 1960 they showed their support by attending the service together. In addition, the majority of his pallbearers were members of his army unit.</text>
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                <text>J.S. Patterson Jr. </text>
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                <text>Spiggle Family Collection</text>
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                <text>Shenandoah County Library</text>
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                <text>October 2, 1919</text>
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                <text>This article appeared in the December 12, 1941 edition of the Shenandoah Herald. In it local defense official Cecil Newcorn announced he had received a message ordering the county's lookout posts to be manned around the clock. Eventually sixteen of these posts would be operated throughout the county. &#13;
&#13;
These posts became a integral part of life in Shenandoah County during the war years. Hundreds of area residents volunteered to staff them. Like other war related activities, like Civil Defense clubs, scrap drives, and bond sales, they became a way for residents to participate in the war even if they were not directly involved in the fighting. A social aspect also developed as these events replaced the pre-war community programs.</text>
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                  <text>A collection of materials related to World War One and World War Two, primarily focusing on activities in Shenandoah County and soldiers from the area serving overseas. Much of this material was collected through, or for, the local activities of the World War One Centennial Commemoration Commission and the World War Two 75th anniversary commission. </text>
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                  <text>Shenandoah County Library. </text>
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                <text>"More Pilots in Training at Valley Airways"</text>
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                <text>Newspaper clipping showing local men involved in the Civilian Pilots Training Program at the Winchester Airport. The program allowed civilians to be trained to fly aircraft in advance of any induction into military service. It was sponsored by the Civilian Aeronautics Authority and the Chamber of Commerce. The men on the end of the "V" were Shenandoah County residents. </text>
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                <text>December 23, 1941</text>
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        <name>Winchester</name>
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                  <text>Farms, Factories, and the Frontlines: Shenandoah County in the World Wars</text>
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                  <text>A collection of materials related to World War One and World War Two, primarily focusing on activities in Shenandoah County and soldiers from the area serving overseas. Much of this material was collected through, or for, the local activities of the World War One Centennial Commemoration Commission and the World War Two 75th anniversary commission. </text>
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                <text>"On Guard at Woodstock"</text>
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                <text>World War, 1939-1945</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Newspaper clipping showing one of the observation towers built in Shenandoah County during the early part of World War Two. These sites were designed to watch for incoming enemy planes and to monitor US aircraft overhead. They were staffed by volunteer watchers. </text>
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                <text>Shenandoah Herald</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37175">
                <text>Microfilm Collection</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>Shenandoah County Library</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37177">
                <text>January 30, 1942</text>
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        <name>Woodstock</name>
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        <name>WWII</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Farms, Factories, and the Frontlines: Shenandoah County in the World Wars</text>
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                  <text>A collection of materials related to World War One and World War Two, primarily focusing on activities in Shenandoah County and soldiers from the area serving overseas. Much of this material was collected through, or for, the local activities of the World War One Centennial Commemoration Commission and the World War Two 75th anniversary commission. </text>
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                  <text>Shenandoah County Library. </text>
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                <text>Greetings of the Season</text>
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                <text>This Christmas greeting and prayer appeared on the front page of the Shenandoah Herald on December 19, 1941. It reflected on the military service of many county residents and the separation that caused during the holidays. &#13;
&#13;
As the article notes, many county residents were already serving around the world. The peace time draft, begun in September of 1940, had already called up many residents before the war began. This, combined, other efforts to place the United States on a war footing before Pearl Harbor, and a lack of rationing that would dominate the next several holidays, meant that Christmas in 1941 was not that much different than the one that proceeded it. &#13;
&#13;
Even the Shenandoah Herald was relatively the same. News articles still focused on local stories and social events. The issue following Pearl Harbor only included two articles relating to National Defense.</text>
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                <text>Microfilm Collection</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37185">
                <text>December 19, 1941</text>
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                <text>This editorial appeared in the December 8, 1941 edition of the Northern Virginia Daily. Published in response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, it gives insight into how the local community reacted to the assault. &#13;
&#13;
The article echoes sentiments expressed by the entire nation. References to a "treacherous attack" that occurred while the two nations were discussing peace were popular across the country. The idea that the bases attacked were prepared, while known to be false today, was also believed among most citizens who lacked information in the days immediately after the attack. &#13;
&#13;
At the end of this piece, the editor expresses his belief that the war would be long and difficult. While many across the country may have thought the war would end quickly, the Northern Virginia Daily had been writing about the idea of an extended war long before Pearl Harbor. Once the attack occurred, the paper and most local residents quickly accepted the fact that the conflict would define their lives for the next several years. &#13;
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                  <text>A collection of materials related to World War One and World War Two, primarily focusing on activities in Shenandoah County and soldiers from the area serving overseas. Much of this material was collected through, or for, the local activities of the World War One Centennial Commemoration Commission and the World War Two 75th anniversary commission. </text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>War Declared- M&amp;M Market Advertisment</text>
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                <text>Three days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, this advertisement appeared in the Northern Virginia Daily. It notes that war had been declared before Christmas but encourages individuals to still buy while prices were low. &#13;
&#13;
This advertisment highlights the fact that despite the attack on Pearl Harbor life as normal continued for many in the Shenandoah Valley for many months. Most goods were still available without restrictions, Christmas sales were still on, and the draft was still operating at its peace time level. Individuals knew rationing and other controls would soon be implemented but for now they were determined to continue with life as they knew it. &#13;
&#13;
Even the front page news articles had changed little. For months the headlines had been dominated by war news from around the world and the United State's military buildup. The only major change was the reports described the involvement of US troops in combat instead of those from other countries. &#13;
&#13;
While things would change as the war progressed, the weeks immediately after Pearl Harbor in Shenandoah County were much more like the years of peace preceding them than the war years to follow.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37198">
                <text>Northern Virginia Daily</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37201">
                <text>December 10, 1941</text>
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        <name>Warren County</name>
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        <name>WWII</name>
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                  <text>A collection of materials related to World War One and World War Two, primarily focusing on activities in Shenandoah County and soldiers from the area serving overseas. Much of this material was collected through, or for, the local activities of the World War One Centennial Commemoration Commission and the World War Two 75th anniversary commission. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37202">
                <text>Nazi Prison Horrors</text>
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                <text>On April 23, 1945 the Northern Virginia Daily, published in Strasburg Virginia, printed this editorial expressing outrage toward recent reports about German and Japanese atrocities. &#13;
&#13;
During the preceding weeks and months, American, British, and Russian troops had been liberating Concentration Camps across Europe. Only 12 days before American troops had entered Buchenwald and liberated over 21,000 prisoners. There was extensive news coverage of this camp since the famous journalist Edward R. Murrow arrived and broadcast a report on the camp on April 15th. &#13;
&#13;
Certainly the Northern Virginia Daily's readers would have been shocked by these reports. This editorial expresses the paper's disbelief all the horrors they had heard were true. Yet, as time would tell, most turned out to be fact. The so called "horror tales of the Middle Ages" would be something the readers, and us, will never forget.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37206">
                <text>Northern Virginia Daily</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37207">
                <text>Microfilm Collection</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37209">
                <text>April 23, 1945</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="37121">
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                <elementText elementTextId="37122">
                  <text>World War, 1939-1945</text>
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                  <text>World War, 1914-1918</text>
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                  <text>Shenandoah County (Va)</text>
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            <element elementId="41">
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="37125">
                  <text>A collection of materials related to World War One and World War Two, primarily focusing on activities in Shenandoah County and soldiers from the area serving overseas. Much of this material was collected through, or for, the local activities of the World War One Centennial Commemoration Commission and the World War Two 75th anniversary commission. </text>
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              <name>Publisher</name>
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                <elementText elementTextId="37126">
                  <text>Shenandoah County Library. </text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37210">
                <text>Ration Book</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37211">
                <text>World War, 1939-1945</text>
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                <text>Wolfe, Neva</text>
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                <text>Landis, India</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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              <elementText elementTextId="37215">
                <text>On December 11, 1941 rationing began in the United States when the government created 7,500 ration boards around the country to limit the sale of tires and other rubber products. Between that date and 1946 sales of hundreds of other items, including food, sugar, gasoline, toothpaste, bicycles, and flashlights would be limited. &#13;
&#13;
During this period each citizen was issued a ration coupon book. Inside were stamps that individuals would use when making purchases. These would entitle the individual to anywhere between 50 and 75% of what was considered to be normal consumption. People involved in war production or essential services, such as Civil Defense, firefighting, and medicine received additional items. &#13;
&#13;
This specific ration book was a part of the second series issued. These were the first books to include food. Red books limited meats while blue books covered processed foods. The recipient of this book was Neva Bernice Wolfe who lived west of Mt. Jackson and later moved to Arlington. It was signed by her sister Celia Funkhouser for unknown reasons. The official responsible for issuing the card was India Landis, a local school teacher from Mt. Jackson who died in 1972.  &#13;
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37216">
                <text>David Markham Collection</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37217">
                <text>Shenandoah County Library</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37218">
                <text>1942</text>
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        <name>Mt. Jackson</name>
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        <name>WWII</name>
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                <elementText elementTextId="37121">
                  <text>Farms, Factories, and the Frontlines: Shenandoah County in the World Wars</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Thelma Huffman and William Barb</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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          <element elementId="41">
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                <text>Photograph taken by Hugh Morrison of Thelma Huffman and William Barb, US Navy World War Two Veteran. The relationship between the two is unknown. </text>
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                <text>Hugh Morrison</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37879">
                <text>Shenandoah County Historical Society Hugh Morrison Collection</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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